A  HISTORICAL  TOUR OF  THE  GREATEST  STREET IN THE WORLD.......BROADWAY

                       THE  COMMONS,  OR  FIELDS
                           Prior to 1911

      Probably no piece of ground in the city of New York has been the scene
of more historical happenings than the City Hall Park. One historian of the
city has said: "What Faneuil Hall was to Boston, was the Commons of New
York____the gathering place of the patriots, the cradle of Liberty."

      In the old Dutch days, it was an open and waste tract of land, which,
being level, was called by them the Vlacte, or Flat. It began as a common
cow pasture to which the cattle of the inhabitants below the wall were
driven daily. It was then almost square in shape, lying between Ann Street
on the south and Chambers Street on the north, with Broadway and Nassau
Street as its western and eastern boundaries. The Collect Pond with the
surrounding land, lying north of the Flat, was also common property, but was
not included in the Fields. It must be remembered that the Fields were in
use long before the boundary streets mentioned above existed, even as lanes.

      From the head of Great George Street a road found its way to the
Bowery Lane along the southern and eastern sides of the Fields____this was
the Heerewegh of the Dutch.
This road, which afterwards became Chatham Street and Park Row, was the
ancestor of the Boston Postroad, or the Great Highway to Boston. In the time
of Governor Dongan, the road was laid out diagonally across the Fields, and
the triangular southern section thus cut off was appropriated by the
governor for his own use in 1686. It was used later for many years as a
place of amusement and was called the Vineyard.

1.  CELEBRATIONS UPON  THE  FIELDS

      The part left of the Fields was triangular in shape and was bounded by
Broadway, Chambers Street, and Chatham Street. When the Bowling Green was
enclosed in 1732, the Fields became the open-air meeting-place of the
inhabitants of the city, and to it were transferred the bonfires the
patriotic celebrations of the King's birthday, Guy Fawkes's Day, and other
holidays, the indignation meetings, Maypole dances, and similar occurrences
which had been held in the Bowling Green.
      In his novel of Satanstoe, Cooper gives an account of the celebration
upon the Fields of the old Dutch holiday of Pfingster, with its games, its
booths, and the freedom allowed on that day to the negro slaves. But
Pfingster and New Year's day and the other celebrations of Dutch ancestry,
with the exception of Christmas, St;. Nicholas's Day, have fallen into
disuse, chiefly through the fact that some of them degenerated into orgies.
The change in our population from Dutch and Knickerbocker about the middle
of the last century may also have affected the observance of these ancient
holidays. It is a curious fact that Christmas, the great Christian holiday
when "good will toward men" is shown principally in the giving of presents
to relatives and friends, should redound to the benefit of the Hebrews, as
most of our great department stores are owned by people of that race. It
must be said, however, that the practice of gift-giving at that joyous
period of the year is not limited to any race or creed. The observance of
the Christmas holidays along the "Great White Way" would, I suspect,
astonish the ancient Romans, could they be present to see how much further
the moderns have gone in celebrating their pagan feast of Saturnalia, from
which  our Christmas is derived.

2.  DUTCH  INCIDENT  OF  1673

      When the Dutch fleet appeared off the city in 1673 and demanded its
surrender, the vacillating conduct of the English commander, Captain John
Manning, moved the Dutch admirals to energetic measures. Six hundred troops
under Captain Anthony Colve landed on the island north of the wall and
marched to the Fields, where they encamped and prepared to advance upon the
city. The terrified English commander sent three agents to parley with
Colve; but as they had nothing definite to offer in the way of terms, Colve
kept two of them as hostages and sent the third with a peremptory message to
Manning to surrender the fort within a quarter of an hour. The messenger,
Captain Carr, thought more of his own safety than he did of delivering the
message, and so, having gained the city within the gate, got away from the
island as quickly as he could. At the end of the quarter hour, a Dutch
trumpeter was sent for an answer to the summons to surrender and was told
that none had been received. "This is the third time they have fooled us,"
exclaimed the exasperated Colve; "they shall fool us no more____march."
      The Dutch at once proceeded down Broadway through the land gate
without resistance; but as they approached the fort, they were met by a
messenger from Manning, offering to make a full surrender if the garrison
were allowed to march out with the honors of war. This the Dutch agreed to;
but it is greatly to their discredit that they did not keep to their
bargain, for a number of the English soldiers were seized and imprisoned,
their baggage plundered, and many of them were sent away in the Dutch ships
which also carried their unfortunate commander. Manning was tried by
court-martial in 1674, after the English recovery of the province, on
charges of cowardice and treachery. His defence was a good one; but he was
convicted and sentenced to death, commuted on account of his influence at
court to having his sword broken over his head by the public executioner in
front of the fort and to be incapable of holding any civil or military
position under the crown. It paid to have "pull" in those days as well as in
these.
      Under the governorship of Colve, everything assumed a military
character, as the Dutch were afraid the English, smarting under the loss of
this valuable province, would make a determined effort to recover it. The
forts and palisades were repaired and strengthened, and the Fields became
the place of general drill and parade. The city gates were locked every
night and the keys given to the officers of the fort, while a patrol of six
burghers guarded each gate during the night. At sunrise, the gates were
unlocked by the schout and the keys returned again to the fort.

3.  OTHER  MISCELLANEOUS  INFORMATION

      It was here on the lower end of the Fields, in full view of his own
country-house, that Jacob Leisler and his son-in-law Milborne were executed
on a gallows especially erected for the purpose. The day was in May, 1691,
and a cold, drizzling, spring rain prevailed___a fitting day for such a fell
purpose.
      The place of public execution  was removed from the vicinity of the
fort to the Fields in 1725, and a gallows stood until 1755 not far from the
corner of Chambers and Chatham streets. Many of the victims of the negro
plot of 1741 were executed here, some of them being burned to death.
      A powder-house was the first public building on the Commons____a safe
place, as it was so far removed from neighbors in the event of an explosion.
It was placed where the old Hall of Records stood for so many years,
opposite the Brooklyn Bridge, but it was removed in 1728 to an island in the
Collect.
      In 1742, Joseph Paulding leased a part of the Fields and built a large
brick-kiln, the clay being dug out from the land near the Collect. There
were also several kilns erected for the burning of oyster shells for lime.
      On the tenth of May, 1770, Nathan Rogers, a visiting Boston merchant,
was hanged in effigy on the Commons for refusing to comply with the
non-importation agreement. He then went to Philadelphia, where upon notice
from the New York club, things were made uncomfortable for him by the
patriots.
      In 1816, the American Museum of John Scudder removed from Chatham
Street, where it had been since 1810, to the west end of the New York
Institution.
      On March 26, 1818, the first savings bank ever operated in the city
was opened in a basement room; it was called at first the Chambers Street
Bank, and later the Bleecker Street Savings Bank, it is now at Fourth Avenue
and Twenty-second Street.
     In 1824, the first Egyptian mummy ever exhibited
in this country was shown in the basement of the building.


4.  THE  FIRST  POOR-HOUSE  ERECTED

      In 1734, the first poor-house was erected on the site of the present
county court-house. It was forty-six feet long, twenty-four feet wide, and
two stories high, with a cellar___all of gray stone. It was furnished with
spinning-wheels, leather and tools for shoemaking, knitting needles, flax,
etc., for the employment of the inmates. All paupers were required to work
under penalty of mild punishments, and parish children were taught the three
"R's" and employed at useful labor. The house was also used for the
correction of unruly slaves. A vegetable garden was laid out near the house,
and the inmates cultivated it for the use of the institution.

5.  THE  BRIDEWELL,  A  PRISON

      The Bridewell, a prison for vagrants, for those guilty of minor
offences, and for those awaiting trial, was erected in 1775, just previous
to the Revolution. It stood facing Broadway between that thoroughfare and
the west wing of the City Hall. It was a two story building of gray stone;
and at the time of the capture of Fort Washington in November, 1776, it was
still unfinished, the windows being unglazed, and there was nothing to keep
out the cold except the iron bars. Into this cheerless and uncomfortable
building over eight hundred of Magaw's captured garrison were thrust on the
day of their capture, November sixteenth, and left three days without food
or fuel. It was used throughout the Revolution as a prison for American
prisoners. The land upon which it stood had been purchased in 1770 by the
Sons of Liberty for the erection of a liberty-pole. After the Revolution,
the title to the land was still vested in John Lamb and others, who upon
being asked by the city what he would sell for, replied, "For the cost,
eighty dollars, and the interest." The city agreed, but the purchase was
never consummated. The Bridewell was demolished in 1838, and the stone of
which it was built was used in the Tombs prison, then in course of
construction.

6.  THE  PROVOST  PRISON

      A more famous, or rather, infamous, building than the Bridewell also
stood in the Commons, northeast of the City Hall. The old City Hall in Wall
Street (erected in 1699) had been used as a jail and debtor's prison. Its
place was taken by the New Jail, erected in the Commons about 1759, as in
April, 1758, there appears the published notice of the drawing of a lottery
to build it. During the Revolution, it contained the office of the
Provost-Marshal Cunningham, and thus obtained the title of the "Provost"
prison. Here were confined the officers of the American army and any of the
leading patriots from civil life who were so unfortunate as to fall into the
hands of the British. The indignities and privations inflicted upon his
unhappy prisoners by Cunningham and the commissary of prisoners, Loring,
constitute the most horrible Chapter of the Revolution.
      Cunningham boasted openly that he had killed more enemies of the King
than the armies of Howe, Clinton, Burgoyne, and Cornwallis combined. If his
victims were not killed outright, and it is stated that many of them were
deliberately starved and poisoned, they were so debilitated, and their
constitutions so shattered by their hardships that they were physically
ruined for both civil and military life. This was done with several objects
in view. In the event of their deaths, Cunningham and his creatures
continued to draw the allowance for their maintenance; the course of inhuman
cruelty drove some of the prisoners into the British ranks in  order to
escape the daily tortures inflicted upon them, the British holding out
enlistment as an alluring bait and surcease to their sufferings; or, if they
did not die or enlist, then in the event of their exchange their harsh
treatment and lack of food had rendered them worthless as soldiers. Of over
three thousand Americans captured at Fort Washington on November 16, 1776,
but eight hundred were reported as living when an exchange of prisoners took
place on May 6, 1778, a year and a half after their capture.
      The Provost and the old City Hall in Wall Street remained as prisons
until the evacuation. An eye-witness, General Johnson, thus describes what
he saw at that time.

      I was in New York, November 26 (he says) and at the Provost about 10
A.M. A few British criminals were yet in custody, and O'Keefe (Cunningham's
sergeant and jailer) threw his ponderous bunch of keys on the floor and
retired, when an American guard relieved the British guard, which joined a
detachment of British troops, then on parade on  Broadway, and marched down
to the Battery, where they embarked for England.

      The building was originally of rough stone, three stories in height,
with dormer windows and a cupola. After the return of peace, it was again
used as a debtor's prison. In 1830, it was remodelled by cutting off all
above the second story and covering it with a roof of slight pitch, sheathed
with copper; a Grecian portico was added to both northern and southern
entrances, and the sides covered with stucco in imitation of marble. When it
was finished, it resembled in miniature the Greek Temple of Diana at
Ephesus, which had served as its model. The intention was to render the
building fireproof, as the alterations were for the purpose of converting it
into a repository of the land records of the city and county of New York. In
1832, before the alterations were completed, cholera visited the city, and
the building was used as a hospital. When it was completed, in 1834, the
offices of the register, comptroller, street commissioner and surrogate were
established in it; but in 1869 the whole building was turned over to the
register for his sole use, the records of the city having assumed vast
proportions. The "New Jail" or "Provost," was finally demolished in 1904 to
make way for the subway under the eastern side of the park; and the legal
records were transferred to the magnificent new Hall of Records on the north
side of Chambers Street. Another building, occupied by the apparatus of the
fire department stood at the northeast corner of the park for many years and
was torn down at the same time as the "Provost."

7.  THE ALMSHOUSE

      In the last decade of the eighteenth century, the Almshouse and the
House of Correction still stood at the northern end of the park, with the
Bridewell and the "Provost" on either side. Between the Almshouse and the
Bridewell was the gallows, which had been removed in 1755 to the vicinity of
the Five Points, but which was moved back to the Commons in 1784. In 1796,
the old almshouse was so dilapidated as to be unfit for further use, and a
new one was built in rear of it on Chambers Street, to which the inmates
were removed in 1797, and the old building was demolished. In 1816, another
new almshouse was erected on the East River near Bellevue Hospital, which
was, in time, removed to Randall's Island. The vacated Chambers Street
almshouse was like a row of six three-story dwellings. It was remodelled
after the removal of the paupers and called the New York Institution.

8. A  RIOT IN 1764

      In colonial days, the British soldiers in the city looked with
considerable contempt upon the provincials, and their officers often had
trouble in keeping them within bounds, as they were habitual breakers of the
public peace. In 1764, one of their escapades reached the point of being a
riot. Having imbibed freely of rum, they conceived the idea of freeing the
prisoners and marched to the New Jail and demanded the keys of the keeper.
Upon his refusal to surrender them, the excited soldiers fired through the
door, grazing the ear of one of their officers. Major Rogers, who was
confined for debt and whose release was the prime object of the attack. They
then forced the door and told the prisoners they were free and attempted to
carry off their major in triumph. The prisoners seemed unwilling to leave,
and the soldiers attempted to drive them out; but the arrival of the city
militia soon quelled the incipient riot and the ringleaders were arrested.
Upon their trial, they accused Rogers of being the instigator of the attempt
at rescue; but the affair was passed lightly by, like most similar affairs
of the British soldiery.

9.  THE  LIBERTY  POLE  STRUGGLE   1766  TO  1776

      On May 20, 1766, news reached New York of the repeal of the stamp act,
and on the following day, the people gathered in the Fields to show their
delight in every possible way. Still further to show their loyalty and
gratitude to the king, they assembled again on his birthday, June fourth,
and celebrated the event with feasting and drinking. A great pole with
twelve tar barrels at its top was erected,  and twenty-five cords of wood
were placed at its base. Then while a salute of twenty-five guns was fired
in another part of the Fields, the great bonfire was kindled and the royal
standard raised amid the cheers of the crowd. Still another pole was raised
on this memorable day, bearing the inscription, "The King, Pitt, and
Liberty"___the first liberty-pole, which was to serve as the rallying point
of the citizens for several years, the visible sign of the principle of no
taxation without representation.
      This liberty-pole stood not far from the barracks of the soldiers, on
the north side of Chambers Street. On the tenth of August, a party belonging
to the 28th Regiment cut the pole down. The next day, while the citizens
were assembled on the Commons preparing to erect another, they were attacked
by the soldiers, and several of the Sons of Liberty, among whom were Isaac
Sears and John Berrien, were severely hurt. Though complaints were made by
the citizens, the British officers declared that the affidavits submitted
were falsehoods and refused to reprimand or punish the offenders.
      A second liberty-pole was erected and the soldiers allowed it to stand
for a few days and then cut it down, on September twenty-third. Within two
days, a third pole was raised; and this time the pole was allowed to stand,
as the soldiers were restrained by the orders of Governor Moore, who was
believed to have been instigator of the previous attacks.
      On the eighteenth of March, 1767, the citizens assembled on the
Commons to celebrate the anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp Act. The
celebration aroused the anger of the soldiers, and that night the pole was
again levelled to the ground. The next day the Sons of Liberty set up
another and more substantial one, well secured with iron bands. An
unsuccessful attempt was made to destroy it that night. The following night
another attempt to blow it up (or down) with gun-powder was made, but this,
also, was unsuccessful. Then the Sons of Liberty set a strong guard about
the pole; and for three successive nights attempts were made to destroy it,
but the soldiers were beaten off. The peremptory orders of the governor
compelled the soldiers to desist from their attacks, and the pole stood
undisturbed for three years.
      During these years, affairs were moving in the direction of armed
resistance to the impositions of the British Parliament, and frequent were
the meetings on the Commons and burnings in effigy of offensive individuals.
At last, on January 13, 1770, attacks were renewed upon the liberty-pole by
a party of the 16th Regiment, who attempted to blow it down with gun-powder.
In this they were unsuccessful, and they then attacked a party of citizens
in front of Montagnie' tavern in Broadway opposite the Fields___at that time
the headquarters of the Sons of Liberty. The citizens were driven indoors
and attempted to barricade themselves from the unruly mob; but the soldiers
broke in with drawn swords and wrecked the building and furniture. In the
midst of the destruction, their officers came up and ordered them back to
their barracks. On the two succeeding nights, the attacks were resumed
against the pole without success; but the third night, the pole was levelled
to the ground and sawed into pieces which were piled up in front of
Montagnie's in derision of the patriotic club.
      This insult aroused the Sons of Liberty; and on the evening of the
seventeenth, handbills were circulated  calling a meeting that night upon
the Commons. Three thousand citizens assembled and passed strong resolutions
in regard to the daily outrages committed by the soldiery and threatened to
regard those found outside their barracks after roll-call as enemies of the
city. The next day there began a two days' conflict with the soldiers in
which several lives were lost. Since the various affrays occurred in the
neighborhood of John and William streets--a locality known at that time as
Golden Hill___the conflict has been termed the "Battle of Golden Hill." It
occurred two months before the Boston Massacre, and it was here that the
first blood of the coming conflict was shed.
      The Sons of Liberty requested permission to erect another
liberty-pole, but the Common Council refused permission. While the council
was considering the request, Lamb and several others of the club purchased a
plot of ground eleven feet wide and one hundred feet deep near the site of
the former pole. Here, on February 6, 1770, the last of the liberty-poles
was raised. It was a mast of great length, sunk twelve feet into the ground,
and encased for two thirds of its height with iron bands and hoops firmly
riveted together. Amid the shouts of the people and the sound of music, it
was stepped into  its place. It bore the inscription, "Liberty and
Property," and was  surmounted by a gilt vane bearing the same inscription
in large letters. This inscription was not of so loyal a tenor as that
placed upon the first pole and shows how the feelings of the people were
changing. The concluding paragraph of the handbill distributed by the
Liberty Boys reads as follows:

      And now, Gentlemen, seeing we are debarred the privilege of Public
Ground to erect the Pole on, we have purchased a place for it near where the
other stood, which  is full as public as any of the Corporation Ground. Your
Attendance and countenance are desired at one o'clock on Tuesday morning,
the 6th instant, at Mr. Crommelin's Wharf, in order to carry it up to be
raised.

                                           By Order of the Committee
New York, February 3, 1770.

      The Liberty Boys had had quarters at Burns's and also at Montagnie's,
both on Broadway; but the latter was now let to the opposite party for the
anniversary celebration of the nineteenth of March. Not to be balked by the
action of the recreant Montagnie, the club bought a house in the Spring
Garden___corner of Ann Street and Broadway, where Barnum's Museum stood long
afterward___and named it Hampden Hall in honor of the great English patriot.
On the forty-fifth day of the year (February fourteenth) they marched to the
New Jail, where McDougal, one of their leaders, was in prison, and in order
to compliment him gave forty-five cheers, drank forty-five toasts, and ate
forty-five beef-steaks. This number had for them a peculiar significance;
for it was on the forty-fifth page of the journal of the Assembly that the
proceedings against McDougal were entered. On the nineteenth of March they
paid another visit to their leader at his place of temporary imprisonment.
      A party of British soldiers, who were on the point of leaving for
Pensacola, vowed that they would take a piece of the pole with them as a
trophy; and so, on the twenty-ninth of March, they made another attempt upon
it. Their effort to unship the topmast was discovered and the alarm given.
Upon the rallying of the Liberty Boys the soldiers retired to their barracks
where they received reinforcements and forced the patriots to retire to
Hampden Hall, which the soldiers swore they would burn. The alarm bells were
rung and the citizens flew to arms; while the British officers, fearing a
repetition of Golden Hill, drove their men back to the barracks. A strong
guard was placed about the pole; and after the departure of the soldiers on
the third of May, the pole remained unmolested until 1775.
          During the anniversary celebration of the Stamp Act repeal in that
year, Sergeant William Cunningham and a companion made an assault upon the
patriots gathered about the pole. They were driven off; and Cunningham, who
had been a Liberty Boy himself before joining the army, was severely
whipped. That whipping was dearly paid for in the lives of eleven thousand
American prisoners who died during the British occupation of the city under
the treatment of the vengeful provost-marshal, Captain William Cunningham.
One of the earliest of his acts after the occupation of the city by the
British, in September, 1776, was to order the liberty-pole levelled to the
ground. It probably seemed to him a visible reminder of the humiliation of
the whipping he had received. In 1897, the Mary Washington Chapter,
Daughters of the American Revolution, caused a tablet to be placed in the
post-office to commemorate the erection and maintenance of the liberty-pole
from 1766 to 1776.

10.   THE INCIDENT OF THE VESSEL "LONDON"
      In 1774, attempts to land tea were made at various ports of the
colonies. New York was not left out of the list of towns to which the
consignments were ordered; and on the eighteenth of April, the Nancy,
Captain Lockyer, arrived off the city bringing a cargo of tea. The Vigilance
Committee, which had intelligence of her coming, prevented any one from
landing except her captain, and ordered the ship to leave the port. On the
twenty-second, the London, Captain Chambers, arrived. Upon his assuring the
Committee in the most solemn manner that he had no tea aboard, and as the
ship's manifest showed none, he was permitted to bring his vessel up to the
city. After many denials, Chambers admitted he had tea on board as a private
venture of his own without the knowledge of the East India Company. The
citizens thronged to the wharf at which the London lay; and upon receiving
word that the Committee had declared the tea confiscated, they boarded the
vessel in broad day and without disguise. They found eighteen chests which
they broke open and dumped the contents into the river. Lockyer and Chambers
were escorted to their ships and virtually driven from the city, the battery
at the liberty-pole firing a salute in honor of their departure.

11.  THE  GREAT  MEETING  IN  THE  FIELDS

      On the sixth of July, 1774, there occurred what is called the "great
meeting in the Fields," when an immense multitude gathered to denounce the
Boston Port Bill, to open subscriptions for the suffering  Bostonians, to
renew the non-importation agreement, and to advocate the calling of a
continental congress to discuss the affairs of the colonies. It is stated
that the meeting was addressed by Alexander Hamilton, then seventeen years
of age and a student at King's College. The report of the meeting has been
fully told by those who took part in it and by the contemporaneous writers
of the day, and no mention is made of this wonderful performance of
Hamilton. The only authority for the statement is that of his son, John C.
Hamilton, in his biography of his distinguished father; and that Hamilton
appeared on the Fields in any other character than that of a spectator is at
least doubtful.* (See foot-note by Henry B. Dawson in Scharf's History of
Westchester County).

12.  THE  APRIL,  1775  EVENT
      Early in April, 1775, the man-of-war Asia, 74 guns, arrived in the
harbor. The troops in the nieghborhood of New York were transferred to
Boston, and there being  an insufficiency of barracks there, requests were
made to some of the Boston carpenters to construct the required buildings.
No one could be found to do it in Boston, and an appeal was made to the
British officers in New York. Notwithstanding the orders of the Sons of
Liberty forbidding any New Yorker from complying with the request and
declaring such a person a traitor to his country, a vessel was fitted out
with the necessary supply of boards and straw. The news soon reached the
Committee of Safety, and a meeting was called upon the Commons, which
decided to seize the vessel and prevent her departure. "King" Sears was the
principal speaker, and he advised the people to arm and to provide
themselves with twenty-four rounds of ammunition__a recommendation that was
at once adopted. Sears was arrested for this and carried before the mayor;
but he refused to give bail, and, like McDougal, he was remanded to the New
Jail. On his way to confinement he was rescued from the constables by the
people, who bore him in triumph through the city.
      The news of the fight at Lexington and Concord reached the city on
Sunday, April 24, 1775, and the usual Sabbath-day decorum of the streets of
the town was disturbed by the excited groups which gathered everywhere to
discuss the startling news. Early in the spring General Charles Lee arrived
with 1200 men to assume command of New York for the Americans. His troops
were encamped on the Commons, while he took up his quarters at the Kennedy
house at Number 1, Broadway. This was a bold act on his part, as the
Committee of Safety, fearing a bombardment of the city by the Asia, whose
captain had threatened it in the event of American troops being brought into
the city, protested strongly to Lee against his doing so.

13.    THE  READING  OF  THE  DECLARATION  OF
INDEPENDENCE  AT  CITY  HALL  PARK

      After the capture of Boston by Washington, March 17, 1776, he repaired
in person to New York which, it was thought, would be the next object of
attack by the British. On July tenth, dispatches from Philadelphia announced
the action of Congress of July fourth, and orders were at once issued for
the different brigades of the army to assemble on the Commons at six o'clock
on that evening. A hollow square was formed, with Washington and his staff
on horseback in the centre, on the site of the present fountain in the City
Hall Park, and there, amid close attention, the Declaration of Independence
was read. At its conclusion, the great crowd, both soldiers and civilians,
greeted the new-born nation with enthusiastic cheers. A bronze tablet on the
City Hall commemorates the event.


Source:  The Greatest Street in the World 
(The story of Broadway, old and New, from the Bowling Green to Albany)
Author:  Stephen Jenkins
Publisher:  G.P. Putnam's Sons-New York and London
The Knickerbocker Press
Copyright: 1911
_________________________________________________

   Researched, Prepared and Transcribed by Miriam Medina
Broadway
The Fort and the Bowling Green
Broadway to Wall Street
The Dutch Heere Straat
				

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